Another Staph aureus vaccine failure
The April 3rd JAMA contains the results of a wonderfully designed and executed study by Fowler and colleagues assessing the benefits of a novel (V710) vaccine targeting S. aureus infection in cardiothoracic surgery. The study was negative (i.e. the vaccine didn't work) and highlights how little we know in 2013 about how humoral immunity works for this important human commensal. But first the study and results...
Among 8031 patients entered into the study, the vaccine was given between 14 and 60 days pre-op to 3981 randomly-selected patients prior to surgery while 3982 received saline placebo. The study was powered to detect a 20% reduction in S. aureus bacteremia or deep surgical site infection through 90-days post-op. Secondary outcomes were any invasive S. aureus infection. Three interim analyses were planned but the data monitoring committee terminated the study after the second interim analysis. Thus, only around ~5100 patients completed the full study with 90-day endpoints. Of note, 67% were male, 24% had diabetes, 18% were S. aureus colonized and 2% were MRSA colonized. Randomization appears excellent.
As I suggested, the results are sobering. The primary outcome (deep SSI or bacteremia) occurred in 2.6% of vaccinated patients and 3.2% of controls, p=0.58. There were more adverse events at 14 days in the vaccinated group (31% vs 22% ) and a greater incidence of multiorgan failure. Depressingly, there was far higher mortality secondary to S. aureus infection in the vaccinated group, 23 vs 4.2 per 100 person-years. The overall comparison between vaccinated and unvaccinated for S. aureus related outcomes is striking and humbling. I've pasted Table 4 from the study below, for your review (click on it to enlarge).
The authors of the study point out that their study isn't the first to find worse outcomes in a vaccinated group and also that MRSA infections were more common in the vaccinated arm of the trial. But I don't buy their suggestion that MRSA was a significant contributor to the poorer S. aureus related outcomes in the vaccinated group. There just wasn't enough MRSA disparity between the vaccinated and control groups. I wonder if part of the answer to higher mortality in the vaccinated group could be explained by this old paper by Heiman Wertheim and colleagues that I discussed several years ago. Wertheim report significantly lower mortality among S. aureus carriers vs. non-carriers. Could the vaccine be upsetting the delicate protective effect of pre-existing S. aureus colonization?
The authors of the study point out that their study isn't the first to find worse outcomes in a vaccinated group and also that MRSA infections were more common in the vaccinated arm of the trial. But I don't buy their suggestion that MRSA was a significant contributor to the poorer S. aureus related outcomes in the vaccinated group. There just wasn't enough MRSA disparity between the vaccinated and control groups. I wonder if part of the answer to higher mortality in the vaccinated group could be explained by this old paper by Heiman Wertheim and colleagues that I discussed several years ago. Wertheim report significantly lower mortality among S. aureus carriers vs. non-carriers. Could the vaccine be upsetting the delicate protective effect of pre-existing S. aureus colonization?
There is an excellent accompanying editorial by Preeti Malani and I urge you to read it. She does a wonderful job putting this study in historical context and pointing a path forward for HAI prevention research. The money quote from her editorial is: "Ultimately, the results of
the study by Fowler et al say more about the need to rigorously
study infection prevention in general than about
S aureus per se." I couldn't agree more.
Yeah, I think knowing whether or not subjects were tested for MSSA and MRSA carriage prior to randomization would be interesting. I wonder if that data was collected.
ReplyDeleteVery interesting study, thank-you for the information. Interesting note about MRSA aslo. For anyone unlucky enough to endure it or staph, I highly recommend the work of Microbiologist, Michelle Moore. After having her own resistant case, she went and developed her own treatment out of necessity (fortunately, for the countless others she is now helping). Her information is at www.staph-infection-resources.com. Thanks again for the fascinating update! God bless!!
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