Don't BUGG me!
In a nutshell, the findings were as follows:
- There was no significant difference in the rate of acquisition of MRSA and VRE combined.
- When MRSA and VRE were evaluated separately, there was no difference in the acquisition of VRE, but there was a significant reduction in MRSA acquisition in the universal contact precautions group with an incremental benefit of 3 fewer MRSA acquisitions per 1,000 patient days.
- There was no difference in device-related infections (CLABSI, CAUTI, or VAP) between the two groups and no difference in mortality.
- There was no difference in adverse events between the two groups when evaluated by the IHI Global trigger tool (for what that's worth...).
- Hand hygiene rates were higher in the universal gowns/gloves study arm.
- As might be expected, there were fewer patient visits by healthcare workers in the universal gown/glove study arm.
So, how do we put this study into perspective? Should the study entice hospitals to begin universal gloving and gowning in the ICU setting?
Let's assume you have a 15-bed ICU that admits 1,250 patients yearly with an average length of stay of 4 days (i.e., 5,000 patient-days annually). Assuming 10.5% of patients require contact precautions (this proportion comes from the control arm in the BUGG study), 131 patients would require isolation. Alternatively, under universal contact precautions, all 1,250 patients would be isolated. So by isolating an additional 1,119 patients we would prevent an additional 15 patients from acquiring MRSA (i.e., 3 per 1,000 patient days). Assuming 20% of the colonized patients go on to develop infection, 3 additional MRSA infections would be prevented with universal contact precautions. Bottom line: to prevent 3 additional infections we needed to isolate an additional 1,100 patients. Given that I'm a utilitarian and that I believe that the burden of contact precautions on patients is high, my assessment is that the benefit of universal gloves and gowns is outweighed by the overall burden on patients. Now it's true that MDR-GNRs and C. difficile weren't evaluated in the study so we may not be evaluating the full benefit of the intervention. But for now, don't BUGG me--I'm still pushing universal chlorhexidine bathing, high rates of hand hygiene compliance, and no isolation of patients with MRSA or VRE.
Addendum (10/6/13): More on this study in Time.
Addendum (10/6/13): More on this study in Time.
What I wonder is how the layout of the units (open pods versus single rooms) affect the association of universal gowns and gloves and acquisition of MRSA. I wonder this because with open pods, objects tend to be touched by providers taking care of neighboring patients, becoming a "bridge" for bacteria. Would these surfaces be more contaminated with providers wearing universal gowns and gloves than otherwise? My observation is that open layout units in my hospital tend to have higher problems with horizontal transmission of organisms than elsewhere; although this observation might be influenced by other colinear covariates.
ReplyDeleteYou are still talking about units where healthcare personnel (HCP) care for 1 maybe 2 patients. Same with the more recent studies that promote universal gloving in NICU. What about my area where people have to meet the needs of 12-30 people on an average shift? I think Dr. Munoz-Price has a very good point, but I'm not sure if it is as much about the architecture as the patient assignment load. Protection Motivation Theory posits that when 1) something is perceived as gross or a threat to self 2) when it is likely that the gross threatening thing will happen, like exposure to blood and body fluids 3) when there is a efficacious and readily available solution (gloves) that is easy to use- people will use them, and use them, and use them (Maddux & Rogers, 1983 plus some Bandura, 1977, 1982) We pound it into HCP heads that they wear glove to protect themselves from pathogens in blood and body fluids, making it counter intuitive to remove or change gloves after contamination. And we throw up potential barriers by making it hard to even change gloves without performing what may be unnecessary hand hygiene in intra-sequence events during the sequence of patient care (Eveillard, 2011, Rock et al, 2013).
ReplyDeleteThe focus is on hand hygiene, but what good is hand hygiene if a person has gloves on the entire time???? Proper glove use has not even been established, but IMHO, if we could get people just to change gloves when they have touched a contaminated surface or item, and clean hands when soiled and between patients a lot of the problems relating to HAI and environmental contamination would go away. I will now get off my soapbox and go back to writing my dissertation. Guess what it is on LOL